Cognitive Therapy For Depression Essays - Abnormal Psychology

Cognitive Therapy For Depression COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR DEPRESSION Introduction Cognitive behavioral therapy helps improve people's moods and behavior by changing their way thinking; also, how they interpret events and talk to themselves. This form of psychotherapy helps guide people into thinking more realistically and teaches them coping strategies to deal with their depression. Cognitive therapy is in most cases a short-term treatment that can have long-term results. I will discuss depression in adolescence and how it effects personal adjustments, which may often continue into adulthood. I will also discuss depression in the elderly. There are different approaches to treating depression, the main approach that will be discussed is cognitive behavioral therapy, which is a way to break the cycle for depression. What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy? Cognitive behavior therapy helps people break the connections between difficult situations and their habitual reactions to them. This can be reactions such as fear, rage or depression, and self-defeating or self-damaging behavior. It also teaches people how to calm their mind and body, so they can feel better, think more clearly, and make better decisions. Cognitive therapy also teaches people how certain thinking patterns are causing their symptoms. This is accomplished by giving people a distorted picture of what's going on in their life, and making them feel anxious, depressed or angry for no good reason.(Francis, 2000) When people are in behavior therapy and cognitive therapy, it provides them with various tools for stopping their symptoms and getting their life on a more satisfying track. In cognitive therapy, the therapist takes an active part in solving a patient's problems. He or she doesn't settle for just nodding wisely while the patient carries the whole burden of finding the answers they came to therapy for initially. Cognitive therapists teach patients to identify their negative thoughts, recognize their erroneous nature and devise a corrective plan that leads to more positive assessments and an ability to deal more realistically with every day problems.(Burns, 1996-2000) Dr. Frances M. Christian, a clinical social worker and cognitive therapist at the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond, says, ?Thoughts and beliefs have a lot to do with how people feel and behave. Early in life, people develop core beliefs about themselves and other people and about how the world operates.? Cognitive behavioral therapy has been very thoroughly researched. In study after study, it has been shown to be as effective as drugs in treating both depression and anxiety. In particular, cognitive behavioral therapy has been shown to be better than drugs in avoiding treatment failures and in preventing relapse after the end of treatment. A cognitive therapist directs a patient's attention to automatic thoughts, the things people say to themselves, that result in unpleasant feelings. (Stopa, 2000) For example, someone prone to anxiety attacks might automatically think, I'm going to mess up, when taking an exam, participating in a school event or being interviewed for a job. After failing such a task, the person might conclude, again automatically, I'm a loser. In therapy, the person is helped to recognize delusions in thought, which include exaggerating the sense of threat, anticipating disaster as the outcome, and over generalizing from one negative experience and ignoring times w hen things went well. Finally, once the damaging automatic thoughts are recognized, the person is helped to examine how realistic they are, and they consider alternative explanations, then imagine other outcomes and realize that the symptoms of anxiety are not the prelude to a heart attack or some other medical disaster. (Stopa, 2000) This same approach is practiced for depression. The difference in the therapeutic approach versus medicating is dramatic, and the relief people feel is immediate. Instead of dwelling on the negative, which the other therapists sometimes do, they acquire therapeutic tools the depressed can apply on his or her own, in case they may find themselves slipping into old patterns of thought or behavior. (Stopa, 2000) Furthermore, studies have shown that the results of cognitive therapy are long lasting, with relapse rates much lower than with other modes of treatment, including psychiatric drugs. And while medication is sometimes used, at least briefly, to relieve intense emotional disturbances and improve receptivity to therapy, most patients can be spared the side effects of drugs, which

buy custom Effects of Urban Environment essay

buy custom Effects of Urban Environment essay In the United States alone violence at school is about a quarter of all the violence that has been reported. In the past years one could not picture that school violence will end up in shooting, rape, murder and robbery the way its turned out to be. Research that has been done indicated that children in urban centers tend to grow in rampant poverty and as a result many of them opt to engage in criminal actions in order to survive. High levels of poverty fosses youngsters to take part in drug incidence as well as abuse of alcohol and some of these behaviors are great influences of violence. This is the reason the incidences of teenage pregnancy and crimes are very rampant in this places (Benbenishty Astor, 2005). Urban environment is characterized with rampant poverty which greatly contributes to the violence that is being witnessed at school. Joblessness and irregular employment is the daily norm of urban environment. As a result many of these youngsters lie idle most of the time and that is the reason they opt to take part in anything that will eliminate the boredom within them. This is the condition that the urban children adapt to and the people they interact with become their role models. Because these children are modeled by people of this caliber they end up being like them. They learn to handle weapons and use them at a tender age another character of these children is that they are easily provoked therefore they lack the ability to solve simple issues because they have been taught to use weapons. These trends continue to take root in the urban children from poor neighborhood and for these reasons such students do not see any problem in taking part in violent activities at school. There tend to see no issue in carrying fire arms to school because that is the only way that they know best in expressing themselves or making their points known to others. To urban children in poor areas crime is the only way of life that such children have ever known. Assessment of the family income of children that take part in violent actions at school has been estimated to be less than $7,500 per annum. Research has indicated that urban environment causes some risk factors to its dwellers. Some of the risk factors that were identified include individual risks, school risks, community risks as well as family risks (Schier, 2008). Risks that are considered individual includes aggressiveness of a person, delinquent friends, lower intelligence, abuse of substance, poor parental monitoring as well as absence of expectations by parents. Other times parents to these children maybe drug traffickers and these results in neglect and abuse of the child. Some of the risk factors that fall under the community include availability of drugs, broken families, drugs and weapons, economic deprivation as well as many transient populations. School risks may include academic failure, early delinquent character, gang involvement as well as lack of commitment at school. Therefore a productive rescue mission is the one that should involve community service, students, teachers as well as parents. Its also important to develop an evaluation system that is able to assess the happenings at our schools. On the other hand a proper communication system is necessary for efficient monitoring. In the United States violent behavior in school going children is on an increase thogh the research that has been done on the overall indicates that school crime have significantly reduced. Statistics that were done by the criminal department indicated a rise in school violent incidence from seventy one to eighty one percent in the past ten years. The results that were obtained also indicated an increase in the number of students who admitted that there were gangs at their schools. The presence of gangs at school and in the society greatly contributes in the number of violent incidents that are happening at the learning institutions. Violence at schools is not only limited to students because teachers have admitted that they have been threatened at least twice in every month with violence within the school premises (Schier, 2008). About two percent of all American teachers have been victims of school violence. On addition to that a good number of deaths have been reported at elementary schools as well as secondary schools as a result of violence. One of the points that the justice office has put forth is that most of this students do not naturally have criminal minds and for this reason this happens because of their surroundings. Some California professor commended that children of our time are prone to being raised by a parent who is a drug addict, been arrested a number of times; a parent that is not responsible of his children. One of the major issues that todays children face is abandonment, poverty and messed up parents. This explains why the modern children have developed violent behavior. For these reasons its important for communities to realize that something needs to be done urgently. Besides that they should learn to respect the desires of other children who are not involved in violence and have not fallen victims of violence. There are children who only seek to find a better life therefore the community should provide an environment that is conducive for learning and development. Education research that has been done indicated that school violence emanates from possession of weapons, cyber abuse, media violence, personal alienation, community and school environments as well as family environments. Between 1980 and 1990 more teens were reported to be accessible to fire arms and that is the reason there were more shots in school at that time. In a few years back about hundred students died violently at school and seventy percent of those deaths were fire arms incidents (Miller, 2008). Recent report that was published by the National youth Violence Prevention centre indicated that the number of teens who carry fire arms at school has significantly reduced. For this reason the harm at school has also reduced. The interviews that were done by this group indicated that 42% of all the students that were interviewed were assessable to guns, 17% have taken firearms to school with them whereas 28% have handled a gun without the consent of a grown up. Children reportedly access guns because about 35% of all United States families with teenagers have a minimum of one gun. Its therefore clear that about eleven million children come from families that possess firearms. A study that was done in 2007 indicated that children are able to illegal purchase guns. Therefore the American show rooms have become centers for illegal activities because they are busy selling guns to the wrong people. For these reason a bill has been passed to prohibit mentally ill patients, criminals as well as minors from accesssing firearms. Children tend to learn more from what they see than what they are taught and that is the reason why children that watch violent cartoon as well as real violent are prone to becoming more violent. Researchers have concluded that verbally aggression behavior as well as violence is on the increase due to media exposure. Youths develop violent emotions as well as thoughts from the videos and films that they keep watching (Miller, 2008). Cyber abuse is another factor that has led to school violence. Internet, messaging, e-mails have continually contributed to character erosion in school going children. Famous video games contain some forms of violence and this is one of famous practice among the students. Psychologists through research has concluded that children that spend most of their times watching video game tend to develop hostile personalities. For instance such children do not believe in forgiving because they know violence is the way forward. Messaging done through the cell phones as well as emails have provides grounds for initiation for more violence. Cyber bullying has become a common thing among the adolescents. In this case the adolescents threaten; taunt their peers through the usage of the media. The public health sectors have been able to single out a few cases as the cause of school violence and among them are issues like race, income levels as well as ethnicity. Some of the anti-social behaviors that may contribute to aggression include heavy drinking and smoking as well as suicidal attitude. This information is of great importance to the public health sectors since they are able to assess the health risks of young people. Family relationships as well as the type of friends a teenager associate with can also greatly influence their behavior. In brief the environment around the youth for instance the community, school, peers, and families have the capabilities of exerting influence of the behavior and attitude of an adolescent (Watson Skinner, 2004). The overall research that has been conducted has confirmed a fifty percent surety of schools becoming a violent breeding zone. This is in exemption of all other factors that have been singled to contribute to violence at school. Though, few teenagers are likely to join gangs its evident that there are gangs at schools. Discipline erosion is rampant in schools with high population. The likelihood of a big school having indiscipline is very higher than in small schools. Statistics have revealed that schools with a population of over a thousand students report high cases of indiscipline as opposed to schools with a population of less than a thousand students. The students who are likely to be affected by school violence are middle school students. The students who are more likely to avoid school because of bullying are eighth grade students. About 22% of all urban students between twelve and eleven years know someone of their age that belongs to a gang. A good example of such a scenario is a seventh grade boy who is attacked by a fellow seventh grade student. Research shows that there is high rate of violence at this age because the children at that age are at a tough adolescent stage. Another reason for this trend is that young teenagers do not have enough knowledge of social behavior and they are therefore hypertensive. The fact that these children interact for the first time their different backgrounds brings many issues (Watson Skinner, 2004). Buy custom Effects of Urban Environment essay

History of ESPN and Sportcenter and how it has been able to leverage Essay

History of ESPN and Sportcenter and how it has been able to leverage the media - Essay Example Through instituting a fluid business model that has incorporated a diverse range of sport and market goals. Since the company’s origin, it has expanded from coverage of traditional sports such as baseball, football, and basketball, to exist at the forefront of the country’s interest in sporting, with such diverse coverage including the X-Games, Lacrosse, and high school and regional events. In addition to the expanding sports coverage, ESPN has expanded the medium of its expression through the incorporation of the sports reporting vehicle SportsCenter, as well as a ESPN the Magazine, and the ESPN.com website which has become a leader in online sports reporting. This research essay considers the means that ESPN has been able to leverage the cable media market through an examination of its historical trajectory and expanding business model. It considers both its internal and external means of change and expansion as well as how its business model has fundamentally changed since its 1970s inception. It also examines the means by which it can continue to expand and leverage the market into the 21st century. Bill Rasmussen, at the time an unemployed sportscaster, was the individual responsible for first envisioning the ESPN Network. In 1978 Rasmussen was fired by the World Hockey Association where had had worked as a sportscaster and director of operations. His initial business interest was to develop a means of broadcasting University of Connecticut basketball through cable companies throughout the state of Connecticut. During this period satellite technology had recently emerged as a viable means of connecting signals to cable broadcasters throughout the region. The RCA Company had a number of underutilized satellites with which Rasmussen was able to broker a deal and lease time. Indeed, RCA had 6 transponder sites non-operational, making

Nursing Practice Gap Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Practice Gap Paper - Essay Example This is important in guaranteeing the quality of nursing practice. Linking theory to practice would also make it easy for nurses to carry out their work in a professional way. Identification of nursing practice area In modern nursing, more nurses and health organisations are finding it necessary to work with the society as a way of improving the way the health services are delivered to the patient. This involves working closely with the family of the patient in order to ensure that the patient is getting the right care. This practice is based on the fact that when a member of the family is sick, the whole family is affected, and the whole family must be taken care of to be able to restore the health of the individual as quickly as possible. Lack of theory Although many healthcare institutions are trying to apply this practice, there is very little theoretical support for the practice. This means that, there is no guidance on how nurses should be able to apply this practice. It also m eans that, there is no standard template, which can be applied to this practice and this in turn means that individual healthcare institutions will try to implement this in their own different way (Allmark, 1995). Lack of a theoretical framework has also meant that the application of this practice in nursing is also devoid of ways in which to measure the outcome of the practice. There is, therefore, a deep need to come up with a theoretical framework, which will be a guiding master-plan on how this should be carried out (Basford & Slevin, 2006). In applying this practice without a well researched and developed framework, there is a risk that this will be applied the wrong way, and this may affect the quality of the healthcare given to patients. Current theories Although there are no scientific theories, which can be used to elucidate this practice, the science of unitary human beings theory as developed by Martha E. Rogers is one of the theories, which can be used to understand this area of practice. The Science of unitary human beings theory looks at the human body as a unit of energy, which relates with the rest of the universe, including living and non living things. This by extension can be used to explain how patients relate to their family members during the recovery period. Science of unitary human beings theoretical framework is a grand theory, which covers a lot of mini-theories about nursing. The importance of this is the fact that it focuses on the individual and how the individual relates with the world around them. Rationale for theory for this practice There is a need to develop a theory which will guide on this nursing practice. This is due to a number of important reasons. To begin with, as discussed in the introduction, practice without theory is blind. It is necessary to develop a theoretical framework, which will be a guiding motif for nurses to implement the practice. Developing a theoretical framework will aid nursing processionals to know how to practice this and how to get the best results from using the practice in nursing (Scully, 2011). Measurability through laid out expectations of the practice will also be achieved through the development of a theoretical framework. One of the fundamental uses of theory in nursing is to be able to

Economics of Renewable Resources Essay Example for Free

Economics of Renewable Resources Essay Answer any THREE questions. Do not attempt to answer more than three questions. The three questions that you answer will be given equal weight. 1.(a)  Consider now a newly planted stand of trees. What decision rule should be employed for determining the â€Å"optimal† investment in the trees – the optimal rotation – given that the stand of trees is being managed on a Single Rotation basis? Explain. (b) Now suppose that the stand was, instead, to be managed on a Multiple Rotation basis, rather than a Single Rotation basis. What impact would managing the stand on a Multiple Rotation, as opposed to a Single Rotation, basis have upon the optimal rotation period? Would it be correct to say that the opportunity to use the forest land over and over again for growing trees, under Multiple Rotation, would lead to the rotation period being longer than it would be under a Single Rotation basis? Explain fully. (c) It has been argued that forest policies in most Canadian provinces have as their long term goal fully regulated normal forests. Explain, with the aid of a simple example, what is meant by the term normal forest, as opposed to a single stand of trees. What relevance, if any, does the idea of a normal forest have to the concept of Maximum Sustained Yield as applied to forestry? Explain. 2.  The economics of renewable natural resources has, in all of its sub-branches, a common theoretical core. The core consists of the closely linked theory of capital and the theory of investment.  You have studied the economics of fishery management and foresty management. In what sense, if any, can fishery resources and forestry resources he regarded a capital assets from the point of view of society? With the aid of examples, discuss the opportunities, which society has to â€Å"invest† both positively and negatively, in such resources. What basic rules do the theories of capital and investment suggest that society should follow in making such investment decisions? In light of these rules, define what would an economist understand by the term â€Å"overexploitation† of a specific renewable resource. Under what circumstances would you expect â€Å"overexploitation† given set of renewable resources to be of a chronic problem? Explain. 3. (a)  The static economic model of the fishery studied by you, the Gordon-Schaefer model, predicts that optimal economic management of a fishery resource would always lead to the fishery resource being stabilized above the MSY level. The dynamic, capital theoretic, economic model, also studied by you, gives us no such assurance. On the contrary, the dynamic economic model predicts that optimal economic management of the fishery could easily lead to the fishery resource being stabilized below the MSY level. How can such an apparent contradiction be explained? Discuss. 1 (b) The static Gordon-Schaefer economic model of the fishery also predicts that,  under Pure Open Access, while there will be overexploitation of the fishery resource there will be no danger of the fishery resource being driven to extinction. Yet there are several examples from the real world of fishery resources being driven to at least near extinction. Recall the examples of Norwegian Spring Spawing Herring and the Bering Sea Donought Hole pollock resource. How can you explain the difference between the Gordon-Schaefer model prediction and what we observe in the real world? Discuss fully. 4.  Under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, coastal states, such as Canada, have been given the right to establish 370km Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). Due to the mobility of most capture fishery resources, most coastal states establishing EEZs find that some of the fishery resources in their EEZs cross the EEZ boundary into neighbouring EEZs, or into the adjacent high seas. The coastal states are thus faced with a â€Å"shared† fish stock management problem. Consider now two coastal states, A and B, that share a transboundary fish stock, which does not extend into the adjacent high seas. On what grounds can it be argued that, if A and B refuse to cooperate in managing the transboundary fish stock, both A and B will be driven to adopt fishery exploitation strategies that they will know to be harmful? Suppose that A and B agree to cooperate in the management of the transboundary fish stock. A and B are identical in every respect, except that A has a lower social rate of discount than does B. Could this difference in social rates of discount lead to A and B differing in terms of their management goals for the transboundary fish stock? If so, how? If A and B do have difference resource management goals, does the economic theory of shared fish stock management studied by you suggest that it will be impossible for A and B to establish a successful cooperative fisheries management arrangement? Explain. 5.  Limited Entry Type I fisheries management programs, involving limited entry  to the fishery combined with Olympics style TACs, have more often than not produced disappointing results. This has led to the adoption of Limited Entry Type II programs in which TACs and limited entry to the fishery are combined with harvesting rights schemes, the most common of which in Canada consists of ITQs. Discuss the nature of ITQ schemes, such as those found in B.C., and in so doing explain why economists prefer ITQ schemes in which the individual quotas are: (i) long term (in fact, if not in law); (ii) expressed as percentages of the TAC, as well as being transferable. Would it be correct to say that ITQ schemes are feasible only in single species fisheries, or can they be used in multiple species fisheries as well? Explain. Everyone agrees that there are some fisheries, particularly in developing fishing states, where it is not feasible to implement ITQ schemes. Do alternative harvesting rights schemes exist that might be used in such fisheries? If so, describe briefly one such alternative harvesting rights scheme.

Comparing Bill Gates And Steve Jobs

Comparing Bill Gates And Steve Jobs William (Bill) H. Gates: The chairman and chief executive officer of Microsoft Corporation, the worlds leading software firm. Born on Oct. 28, 1955, he grew up in Seattle with his two sisters, his father, William H, Gates II, is a Seattle lawyer and his mother, Mary Gates was a school teacher in University of Washington regent and she was also the Chair women of United Way International. At the age of 13, Bill Gates wrote his first program to play farmer-chess. The computer he used was big, heavy and very slow, he was very obsessed with this computer as it did not have a screen, so to view who had won they had to run over to the big printer and they used to look at the score. It would have taken only 30secs if they have done it on paper, where as it would take almost the whole lunch time if they had done it on computer. Bill handled to set up an arrangement with the computer owners, that he would get free computer-time which has been designed for parents. Using this is simple, with few steps of instructions you can set up limits for children. At this time Bill met Paul Allen, who became his business partner for rest of his life. They both started a small company called Traf-o-Data, they sold small computer equipment with their program which can count traffic for the city. Even though this company wasnt a big success but they earned some money and good business skills. In 1973, Bill entered Harvard university as a freshman, where now he became the Microsofts chief executive officer, he developed a vision of the programming language BASIC for the first computer. In his junior he left Harvard and in 1975, he started his new company along with his childhood friend Paul Allen, his main belief was that the computer would be the valuable tool on every desktop and in every home, they started to began new software and he started to improve those software technology by making it easier, cheaper and more fun for the people to use computers. Gates foresight and his vision for personal computing have been the success in Microsoft and the software industry. Later Bill started to search for business opportunities in programming, so he left Harvard which turned him into a multibillionaire. Even becoming very rich, he drives himself in a normal family car to work and he also flies a coach. Figure 2: Microsoft Windows roadmap Bill Gates made an operative system called MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operative System), which he sold to IBM. Gates then convinced IBM to give up the specifications of the secret design in an open system for its personal computer, so that the other software makers can easily build this software, to understand how actually this operating system functions. More than 100 companies where eagerly to be IBM-compatible, which obtained licenses for MS-DOS quickly making operating system a major tool for personal computers. Conclusion: One of the reason why Bill Gates is so successful is that he did not underestimate himself, he always believed on himself. Its very interesting to know that even with all that money, he drives himself in a normal family car to work and he also flies a coach. Bill Gates said to his teacher that before he reach thirty he would become a millionaire which he made it. His family when he was born, his family found a million-dollar trust fund for him. Without his fund i guess he would not have gone to Harvard. Steve Jobs: Technology Entrepreneur, Co-founder, Chairman and CEO of Apple Inc. Born on February 24, 1955, in San Francisco, California. As an infant, Steven was adopted by Clara and Paul Jobs and named Steven Paul Jobs. Paul was a Coast Guard veteran and machinist and Clara worked as an accountant. Steven and his father used to work in their garage on electronics. In 1972 Jobs was graduated from high school and registered in Reed college in Portland, Oregon. After six months Jobs was dropped out from the Reed and he spent one year roaming around the campus attending the classes in Philosophy and engaged himself with values and lifestyles in opposition to those of the established culture. In 1974, Jobs worked as a video game designer in Atari, Inc., a pioneer in electronic arcade recreation. He was not interested in creating electronics, he was interested in marketing electronic products. So he started to plan and he convinced Wozniak to work along with him to build a personal computer. So firstly they planned to get money to start their own company. So Jobs sold his Volkswagen bus and Wozniak sold his scientific calculator, overall they got  £1300 and also got some credit from the local suppliers, with this bit they started their fist production line. Steven convinced Wozniak to quit his job in Hewlett-Packard and made him to join him as a vice president in charge of research and development of his new company. He named his new company as Apple in memory of happy summer in Oregon jobs, where he spent his time as a worker. Jobs and Wozniak have earned a lot with their revolutionized technology, by making the machines to cheaper, intuitive, smaller and accessible to everyday consumers. Figure 3: Steve Jobs and Wozniak They have conceived a series of personal computers which are user -friendly, which they marketed each for $666.66. Apple I was there first model, which earned them $774,000. After three years, Apple II was their second model, which increased their sales to 700 percent to $139 million. Apple Computer became a publically traded company with $1.2 billion of market value that too on the first day of trading. John Scully of Pepsi-Cola who is marketing expert, helped to fill the job role for Apples. However, there were significant design defects in several next launched Apple products, which made the consumers disappointment and resulting in recalls. John Scully thought that this might be Jobs was hurting Apple and also the executives started to phase him out. Jobs resigned as Apples CEO in 1985 and he started a new software and hardware company called NeXT, Inc. In the same year Jobs purchased an animation company from George Lucas, which was later named as Pixar Animation Studios. Jobs invested $50 million from his own money by believing in Pixars future. Pixar Studios started producing wildli popular animation films such as Finding Nemo, The Incredibles and Toy Story. Pixars films have netted $4 billion. In 2006, the studio merged with Walt Disney, making Steve Jobs Disneys largest shareholder. Despite the success of Pixars, NeXT, Inc. struggled to sell their specialized operating system to the mainstream America. In 1997, Apple brought the company for $429 millions. Jobs returned in the same year as Apple CEO after several years outside the company. Jobs understood that Apple needed to focus on its core competency, like designing easy-to-use and engaging hardware and software products. He immediately revamped the product line by modernizing the Mac operating system and providing Apple computers with new internet capabilities. In addition he started to outsource manufacturing operations to specialized high tech manufacturing companies, primarily located in Asia. In order to get close to the customers Jobs next initiative was to launch the Apple Online store to sell products directly to customers over the Internet. Jobs revolutionary products such as iMac, stylish designs and effective branding campaigns again caught the thoughts of consumers and which attracted the people to go for it. Recently Apple has launched some of the ingenious products such as iPhone, Macbook Air and iPod, which have charged the evolution of modern technology. All the competitors were scramble to produce comparable technologies, when every time Apple releases a new one. Apples quarterly report in 2007, were the most impressive statistics to date. A record breaking stocks worth  £199.99 a share, and the company profit of $1.58 billion surplus in the bank with zero debt. Figure 4: Apple Roadmap iTunes has become the 2nd biggest retailer in America. With six billion songs downloaded and 200 million iPods sold, Apples half of the revenue comes from iTunes and iPods sales. Americas most admired companies has been given No. 1 to Apple and also No. 1 amongst Fortune 500 companies for returns to shareholders. Conclusion: The PC industry has evolved in the past decades. They are proprietary, open structure and internet PC. The interaction of Politic, Economic, Social and Technology forces create a turbulent and complex environment. In addition, the interaction between 5 competitive forces, create environment for Apple very competitive and hard to survive. Apple past ignorance of environmental change made Apple losing market share. Now, as environmental change dynamically, Apple responded by adapting its business model and strategy in order to struggle for survive. Comparison between Steve Jobs of Apple and Bill Gates of Microsoft: On 24th of February 1955, Steve Jobs born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, he is best know as the co-founder CEO of Apple Computer and somewhat less so for his leadership of Pixar which is a computer animation studio. On the other hand, on the 28th of October 1955, Bill Gates born in Seattle, Washington, he is married to Melinda French Gates and has three children. Bill Gates is the co-founder and current Chairman and Chief Software Architect of Microsoft. Both started their careers almost at the same time and within the same industry. They are no doubt two of the most wealthy and successful men in the PC industry. Steve Jobs is a technological leader and true creative thinker while Bill Gates is the opportunity seeker. The rivalry and competition between Gates and Jobs has become one of the most fascinating and brave in the American business industry. In the end both men are well-known and admire by many. Although each company has its own philosophy, there is a slight difference between Apples and Microsofts philosophies because each philosophy has a different aim. Microsofts philosophy is A computer on every disk in every house, running Microsoft software which is more focused and concerned about running their own software in every computer. As for Apples philosophy, it is Make computers accessible to everyone and make it very easy to use and that is more concerned about making their computers being easy to access and making it as easy as they can for everyone else to use. Figure 5: Steve Jobs and Bill Gates at the fifth D: All Things Digital conference (D5) in 2007 They both co-founded and their established companies along with another person. Apple, it was co-founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak who is credited with begin the entry of computers into private homes and he also wrote most of the software that Apple ran. As for Microsoft it was co-founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen who dropped out of Washington State University to pursue his and Bill Gates dream of writing software commercially for the new personal computers. However, In November 2000 Paul Allen resigned from his position on the Microsoft board. Bill Gates first achievement was the development of a programming language called BASIC for the Altair computer which is the first commercially successful personal computer. As for Steve Jobs, his first big achievement was Apple II which was the most popular and best selling personal computer of its time. There is a difference between their first achievements because Microsoft first development was software whereas Apples first product was hardware. Both Bill Gates and Steve jobs are extremely good at taking in good ideas, and developing them and making them into a successful product. This mostly because they are not at all afraid of taking any risks and try very hard even if they do not always get it right the first time. An example for this would be MS-DOS for Microsoft and an example for apple would be The Lisa and the Page Maker. Bill Gates has two books written by him, these books called Business At The Speed of Thought and The Road Ahead. In addition to that, he also has books written about him like Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire. On the other hand, Steve Jobs does not have any books written by him but there were books written about him like The Second Coming of Steve Jobs and Steve Jobs and The NeXT Big Thing. No matter how much conflict or competition, both Bill Gates and Steve jobs achieved a huge amount of success in their own way. They had similarities between them such as co-founding their companies along with another person, Steve Jobs co-founded Apple with Steve Wozniak and Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. They were also similar at taking in idea and developing them without being afraid of facing any risks. Aside from these similarities, Bill Gates and Steve Jobs also had some differences between them, these differences include the fact that both of their companies Microsoft and Apple have their own different and unique philosophy with different aim. Also their first achievements differ because Microsofts first achievement BASIC was software whereas Apples first achievement Apple II was hardware. Bill Gate also had 2 books written by him in addition to books written about him but Steve Jobs didnt have the skills to write any books, there were only books written ab out him by other people.

Opinion About Macbeth Essay

Macbeth tells a story of a brave strong warrior the king of Scotland becomes his successor by murdering him and then he’s defeated. Before we meet Macbeth , we form an opinion of him based on what other people say about him for example; the king of Scotland Duncan says ; † O worthy gentlemen oh valiant cousin.† This shows their related, well bred and worthwhile. And the bloody man says; † But all too weak for brave Macbeth well he deserves his name.† This suggests he’s a well known brave solider. Macbeth surprises us with his reaction to the witch’s prophecies, because when they tell him he’s: Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor and shall be king. He’s stunned and full of disbelief as he says; † A prosperous gentleman; and shall be king stand not within the prospect of belief.† he thinks he’s taking someone else’s tittle of them because he says; † I know I’m thane of Glamis but how Cawdor t he thane of Cawdor lives† Then he wants to know more of what the witches said to him. â€Å"Stay you imperfect speakers tell me more.† he gets tempted about what they said to him. â€Å"If good why do to that suggestion.† This shows that he’d like to be king then he thinks of murder. â€Å"My thought whose murder yet is but fantastical.† This suggests he wants to murder the current king of Scotland, to get what he wants. But he doesn’t want to do it; he wants to leave it to fate. But Lady Macbeth influences him to do it, by saying that: he doesn’t love her, if he did it he would make him more of a man and that she’d do anything for him. In act 1 sc IV we see more thoughts of murder as he thinks, I’m either going to have to step over him or give up because he’s in my way. He’s thinking this about the prince of Cumberland .now he thinks of the murder of Duncan and says; â€Å"stars, hide your light so no one can see the terrible desires within me. I won’t let my eye look at what my hand is doing, but in the end I’m still going to do that thing I’d be horrified to see.† He says he’s going to do it but dose not want to she the things he’ll do. We first see Lady Macbeth in act 1 sc v, we realise a few things about her she ambitious and influences Macbeth an awful lot â€Å"Glamis thou art, Cawdor and shall be what thou art promised.† This means she thinks and knows some how she will make him be king, this boosts him and he thinks he can do it. She also has a low opinion of Macbeth, â€Å"yet I do fear thy nature; it is too full of the milk of human kindness.† She thinks he’s too nice and kind to do it.† Art not without ambition, but without wunes should attend it.† This says got ambition but he not got the guts to do it or go through with it. She trying to influence him by saying; â€Å"that I pour my sprits in thine ear and chastie with the valar of my tongue.† this means she going to fill him with evil and talk him in to it. Lady Macbeth influences Macbeth in many ways the first way we see is that; she say was drunk and when he was he promised that he would kill Duncan. She tries to say that he doesn’t love her, but by what he says and dose he loves her â€Å"my dearest partner in life.† and then she trys to make out he’s a coward, because he doesn’t want to kill King Duncan. She says she would do it so why wouldn’t he, she try to say he letting her down if he doesn’t do it she tells him he’d be more attractive if he did it. She keeps saying if she’d made a promise she would have kept it. I conclude that lady Macbeth did influence him in some ways because she’s the one who finally made him do it but overall I think it was both of them as he thought of murder before he even saw her.

Faculty Member Participation in Decision-making of Universities Essay

Decisions encapsulate and encompass the people and system that make up any institution or organization. The decisions and those making them reflect one another to give an accurate and precise notion of how they want to be perceived generally. In this effect, those that are not accounted for in the decision making process are not reflected in the notion of perception by society. Therefore, I am proposing that the faculty member must be given ample respect and opportunity in the decisions of the university. This proposal shall thus center its attention at the teaching staff members of University of Nottingham in Australia and king Saud University in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The main issue that is a stake here is the value and importance of including the decisions of a member of a teaching staff in the overall decisions in the university. The underlying implication here is to ask whether or not the decision of a faculty staff member will be beneficial or detrimental to the university. Moreover, pragmatically speaking, the decision process of any university must take into consideration the ideas and contributions of every staff and school official due to the fact that each of them knows what is happening in the university from their own point of view and at the same time, they will also be affected by the decisions they make. The decision that does not include other related aspects that can be attributed to it such as those that a faculty staff member can bring in making decisions will not be as encompassing as it should be. It is therefore a privilege to make this study and be able to promulgate this stand of revolutionizing the decision making process in the university so that it may truly encapsulate the very nature and purpose of what it really means to make the decisions. And at the same time, this research will draw the spotlight to where darkness has already made its niche; the unheard voices of the teaching staff members. Relevant Theories and Literature People say that making decisions is like speaking prose because they do it all the time knowingly and unknowingly. It is thus hardly surprising that the topic of decision making involves many disciplines, from mathematics to statistics, through economics and political science, to sociology and psychology (Kahneman and Tversky, 2000). Still, there are even some who liken and compare the nature of decision making to that of the game of chess analyzing the complex and multiple implications that it entails (Katsenelinboigen, 1997). While on the other hand, there are those who rely on statistical and mathematical facts administering decision theory (Berger, 1980). The responsibility of decision making and taking decisions are considered the essence of the administrative process as emphasized by Simon (AL Masri, 1989) since it forms an important part of the positions needed by humanitarian institutions including higher educational institutions. Academic sections in university faculties of different specialties are considered a means for satisfying universities basic objectives as 80% of administrative decisions are taken at the level of departments (Athuhaibti, 1981). The academic department, as seen by Anderson, is the academic unit that involves specialists in research, teaching and other academic aspects. Decision making in the administrative sphere consists of three basic pillars. The first one is about the availability of a human person in a position that has its special circumstances. Secondly, it also important to think in those circumstances to find an outlet to them. And lastly, it is vital to think right to be able to ensure an effective outlet or a suitable alternative. In another aspect, if this is seen from a statistical perspective, the decision making aspect of every problem can actually be formalized through an explicit specification covering the available decisions, the items of cost and gain involved in making the decisions and the relevant probability distributions (De Groot, 2004). Therefore, it is of great importance and of considerable value that a teaching staff member in a university’s department to be given the amount of respect in sharing the responsibilities in making the important decisions with regard to the university whether it is in a large scale level or in a small scale level. Such a person must be heard and be given significant attention for the very reason that the person who can make the best, most practical and most meaningful decisions are the very persons who are affected by the issues at hand and also the very persons for whom the decision will be made in the first place. How can anyone make a concrete and feasible decision if the very person making the decision does not even fully understand and feel the root and effects of the very decision itself? Moreover, it must be absolutely imperative that superiors deal with their subordinates under the bases of psycho humanitarian manners. What is essential to comprehend here is the fact that every person must be treated as a human being and not just a mere willing tool carrying out tasks. People must never be treated as a mere object disregarding their moral feelings and existence who are just as affected by the environment and the natural surroundings like everyone else regardless of their race, gender, color, ethnicity, educational attainment, and nationality. As a result, leadership should pay attention to the needs of their subordinates in a serious way. Thus, another essential thing is the value of loyalty. Loyalty here is not lopsided where in one side shall receive all the benefits while the other lifts the burdens of responsibility. The subordinates must be loyal to their leaders, and in the same way, the leaders must be loyal and even responsible for their subordinates. At the end of the day, both sides must work as one and realize that loyalty and responsibility does not only come through carrying out decisions, but more importantly, it is about the successful dialogue and participation in decision making by all. The subject matter of this study shall delve into the necessity and the relevancy of the involvement of the teaching staff members in the decision making process in the administrative arena qualifying and valuing their decision making contributions and capabilities not only for the betterment of the university but for the growth and development of the teaching staff members as well. This will then give credence and moral boosting performance and efficiency to their respective academic fields. This will further create more new and viable ideas that are usually unnoticed and ignored due to the massiveness of certain issues that are encountered in the decision making process. In addition, this will greatly lessen the burden of responsibility and the pressure of infallibility carried by the higher officials. Some institutions and organizations find the decision making process to be so relatively important that computer-based decision support systems have been invented to assist decision makers in considering the implications of various courses of thinking and help reduce risk in human errors (Flyvbjerg, 2006) Study Methodology This research shall depend in studying the subject and issues at hand through an analytical descriptive method. The research method will follow any deduction that takes this phenomenon from psychological and educational aspects as it is in present time for the purpose of diagnosing, revealing and identifying the relationships among its components or among educational, psychological or social aspects (Al-Ghanem, 1988). The focal point in this research method is seeing the interconnectedness and most importantly, the interdependence of every aspect and relationship that the faculty staff member has with the university. Empirical Work With regard to the empirical data that needs to be collected for this research, the primary source to look with respect to this proposal is the system of the university itself. This comprises of knowing who makes the decisions and how these people make them. The university structural hierarchy will give an ample specification of the decision making process in the university. Moreover, the opinions of the faculty staff members and school officials in relation to the decision making process will be a good foundation for this research. It is also of considerable value in tackling this issue by understanding the location and type of universities that will be assesses as well as the country or culture of the faculty staff members and school officials who will be involved. This research will concentrate on two universities as mentioned. The advantage of this is that the research will have a vast and diverse analysis on the matter and will not be limited by the boundaries that are set by the geographical location. The disadvantage of this research might be seen in the inconsistency in any information gathered. This may arise because of location of the universities and also the willingness of people to give truthful and relevant information. It is expected that this research may cause hesitancy to certain people due to the delicate issue it is asserting. Study Importance The importance of this study arises from the fact that it is going to: 1. Highlight the necessity of opening new horizons to a teaching staff member concerning the optimal method of participating in decision making so as to be an active member in promoting administrative work, which in turn also serves as an academic work done by the member himself. 2. Help the teaching staff member in employing and enhancing his various abilities and techniques in fields widening their knowledge aside from teaching, i. e. getting him outside the closed circle of academic work as well. 3. This study will transform and alter the terms of knowing the participation of a teaching staff member in decision making in University of Nottingham and King Saud University. 4. Add new information and recommendations that help and benefit in increasing the effective participation of a teaching staff member in decision making in those two universities. Study Objectives This study aims to identify teaching staff members’ points of view or perception regarding their participation in making decisions in University of Nottingham and King Saud University and in a way that is more defined; this current study aims at the following: 1. Identifying the extent of teaching staff members’ participation or contribution in university decision making in University of Nottingham and King Saud University. 2. Knowing the extent of difference in the points of view of the subjects of the study sample concerning participation in decision making with the difference of study variables. 3. Identifying the degree of importance of teaching staff member in university decision making by perceiving it through three dimensional studies: the academic dimension, the administrative dimension and the financial dimension. 4. Diagnose the obstacles that can lead a teaching staff member not to participate in making university decisions. Let it therefore be stated that this study tries to state out the motives and value of the teaching staff members in participating in decision making process at the level of the University of Nottingham in Australia and king Saud University in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as well as the factors that hamper or hinder their participation in an effective and beneficial way. Study Questions: The researcher will discuss his study questions with respect to the objectives mentioned above, therefore, the study will revolve around the following four questions: Question (1) How far or to what extent can a teaching staff member of the University of Nottingham participate in the university’s decision making process from the point of view of the study sample individuals? Question (2) How far or to what extent can a teaching staff member of the King Saud University participate in the university’s decision making process from the point of view of the study sample individuals? Question (3) Are there any statistical differences among the points on view of the study sample subjects concerning the participation extent in university decision making in accordance with demographic variables (gender, nationality, academic degree and experience)? Question (4) Does the degree of extent of a teaching staff member’s participation in university decision making differs towards the three dimensional study: â€Å"the academic dimension, the administrative dimension and the financial dimension† with the demographic variables: â€Å"gender, nationality and the difference in job (administrative and non administrative)? Question (5) What are the obstacles or hindrances that lead the teaching staff member from refraining or from being prevented to participate in university decision making from the points of view of study sample individuals? Conclusion I am therefore optimistic that this research can revolutionize or change the traditional way of how faculty staff members, school officials and universities think and interact in their own school communities. This research can further foster dialogue with regard to the conflicts that may arise between faculty staff members and school officials. This research can also bring about beneficial and better improvements to the university as a whole through having a comprehensive decision making process. This research makes an original contribution in the issue at hand because of the diversity in the information and subjects that are discussed which are not limited to only one culture, system or location thereby filling the gaps of other related researches that have narrowly focused in a limited subject and area. Finally, this research can expand to improving educational systems as a whole and also foster a developmental analysis on faculty staff member or school officials as indivudals. References: 1. Al-Masri, Ahmad Mohammad. (1989) Communications, Decisions and their Effectiveness in Administration, Dubai, Dar Al-Kalam. 2. Berger, James O. (1980) Statistical Decision Theory and Bayesian Analysis. 2nd ed. Springer Series in Statistics. 3. Best John, translated by Abdullaziz Ghanem Al-Ghanem and revised by Adel Izziddin Al-Ashwal. (1988) Educational Research Methods. Al-Kuwait Institution for Scientific Development, The Directorate of writing, translation and publishing, Al-Kuwait. 4. De Groot, Morris. (2004) Optimal Statistical Decisions. Wiley Classics Library. 5. Flyvbjerg, Bent. (2006) From Nobel Prize to Project Management: Getting Risks Right. Project Management Journal, vol. 37, no. 3, August 2006, pp. 5-15. 6. Kahneman, Daniel and Tversky, Amos. (2000) Choice, Values, Frames. The Cambridge University Press. 7. Katsenelinboigen, Aron. (1997) The Concept of Indeterminism and Its Applications: Economics, Social Systems, Ethics, Artificial Intelligence, and Aesthetics Praeger: Westport, Connecticut.

Womens Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment

Women's Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment After the American Civil War, several legal challenges faced the newly-reunited nation. One was how to define a citizen so that former slaves, and other African Americans, were included. (The Dred Scott decision, before the Civil War, had declared that black people had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.) The citizenship rights of those who had rebelled against the federal government or who had participated in secession were also in question. One response was the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, proposed on June 13, 1866, and ratified July 28, 1868. The Fight for Postwar Rights During the Civil War, the developing womens rights movement had largely put their agenda on hold, with most of the womens rights advocates supporting the Union efforts. Many of the womens rights advocates had been abolitionists as well, and so they eagerly supported the war which they believed would end slavery. When the Civil War ended, womens rights advocates expected to take up their cause once again, joined by the male abolitionists whose cause had been won. But when the Fourteenth Amendment was proposed, the womens rights movement split over whether to support it as a means of finishing the job of establishing full citizenship for the freed slaves and other African Americans. Beginnings: Adding Male to the Constitution Why was the Fourteenth Amendment controversial in womens rights circles? Because, for the first time, the proposed Amendment added the word male into the US Constitution. Section 2, which dealt explicitly with voting rights, used the term male. And womens rights advocates, especially those who were promoting suffrage, or the granting of the vote to women, were outraged. Some womens rights supporters, including Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and Frederick Douglass, supported the Fourteenth Amendment as essential to guaranteeing black equality and full citizenship, even though it was flawed in only applying voting rights to males. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton led the efforts of some womens suffrage supporters to try to defeat both the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments because the Fourteenth Amendment included the offensive focus on male voters. When the Amendment was ratified, they advocated, without success, for a universal suffrage amendment. Each side of this controversy saw the others as betraying basic principles of equality: supporters of the 14th Amendment saw the opponents as betraying efforts for racial equality, and opponents saw the supporters as betraying efforts for the equality of the sexes. Stone and Howe founded the American Woman Suffrage Association and a paper, the Womans Journal. Anthony and Stanton founded the National Woman Suffrage Association and began publishing the Revolution. The rift would not be healed until, in the late years of the 19th century, the two organizations merged into the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Myra Blackwell and Equal Protection Though the second article of the  Fourteenth Amendment  introduced the word male into the Constitution in respect to voting rights, nevertheless some womens rights advocates decided that they could make a case for womens rights including suffrage on the basis of the first article of the Amendment, which did not distinguish between males and females in granting citizenship rights. The case of Myra Bradwell was one of the first to advocate for use of the 14th Amendment to defend womens rights. Bradwell had passed the Illinois law exam, and a circuit court judge and a state attorney had each signed a certificate of qualification, recommending that the state grant her a license to practice law. However, the Supreme Court of Illinois denied her application on October 6, 1869. The court took into consideration the legal status of a woman as a femme covert- that is, as a married woman, Myra Bradwell was legally disabled. She was, under the common law of the time, prohibited from owning property or entering into legal agreements. As a married woman, she had  no legal existence apart from her husband. Myra Bradwell challenged this decision. She took her case back to the Illinois Supreme Court, using the Fourteenth Amendments equal protection language in the first article to defend her right to choose a livelihood. In her brief, Bradwell wrote, that it is one of the privileges and immunities of women as citizens to engage in any and every provision, occupation or employment in civil life. While the Bradwell case raised the possibility that the 14th Amendment could justify womens equality, the Supreme Court were not ready to agree. In a much-quoted concurring opinion, Justice Joseph P. Bradley wrote: It certainly cannot be affirmed, as a historical fact, that [the right to choose ones profession] has ever been established as one of the fundamental privileges and immunities of the sex. Instead, he wrote, The paramount destiny and mission of women are to fulfill the noble and benign offices of wife and mother. Minor, Happersett, Anthony, and Womens Suffrage While the second article of the  Fourteenth Amendment  to the Constitution  specified certain voting rights connected with males only, womens rights advocates decided that the first article could be used instead to support the full citizenship rights of women. In a strategy carried out by the more radical wing of the movement, led by Anthony and Stanton,  womens suffrage  supporters attempted to cast ballots in 1872.  Anthony  was among those who did so; she was  arrested and convicted  for this action. Another woman,  Virginia Minor, was turned away from the St. Louis polls when she tried to vote⠁  - and her husband, Frances Minor, sued Reese Happersett, the registrar. (Under femme covert presumptions in the law, Virginia Minor could not sue in her own right.) The Minors brief argued that There can be no halfway citizenship. Woman, as a citizen in the United States, is entitled to all the benefits of that position, and liable to all its obligations, or to none. Once again, the Fourteenth Amendment was used to try to ground arguments for womens equality and the right as citizens to vote and hold office⠁  - but the courts did not agree. In a unanimous decision, the United States Supreme Court in  Minor v. Happersett  found that women born or naturalized in the United States were indeed American citizens, and that they always had been even before the Fourteenth Amendment. But the Supreme Court also found that voting was not one of the privileges and immunities of citizenship, and therefore states need not grant voting rights or suffrage to women. Reed v. Reed Applies the Amendment to Women In 1971, the Supreme Court heard arguments in the case of  Reed v. Reed. Sally Reed had sued when Idaho law presumed that her estranged husband should be automatically selected as executor of the estate of their son, who had died without naming an executor. The Idaho law stated that males must be preferred to females in choosing estate administrators. The Supreme Court, in an opinion written by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, decided that the  Fourteenth Amendment  did prohibit such unequal treatment on the basis of sex⠁  - the first US Supreme Court decision to apply the Fourteenth Amendments equal protection clause to gender or sexual distinctions. Later cases have refined the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to sex discrimination, but it was more than 100 years after passage of the Fourteenth Amendment before it was finally applied to womens rights. Expanding Rights in Roe v. Wade In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court found in  Roe v. Wade  that the Fourteenth Amendment restricted, on the basis of the Due Process clause, the governments ability to restrict or prohibit abortions. Any criminal abortion statute that did not take into account the stage of pregnancy and other interests than merely the life of the mother was deemed to be a violation of due process. Text of the Fourteenth Amendment The entire text of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, proposed on June 13, 1866, and ratified on July 28, 1868, is as follows: Section. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.Section. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.Section. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.Section. 4. The validity of the public deb t of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.Section. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Text of the Fifteenth Amendment Section. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.Section. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

What is the Best Service for Print on Demand Books

What is the Best Service for Print on Demand Books What is the Best Service for Print on Demand Books? When it comes to determining what how best to print your self-published book, there's no easy answer. Most indie authors will prefer the flexibility of print-on-demand solutions over the upfront cost of offset printing, but even then there are lots of other factors to consider: the type of book you’re printing, your budget, your plans for online distribution,  which distributor(s) you'll actually go through, and the quality of the printers.At Reedsy, we wanted to know how the major POD providers out there stack up along these lines. To find out once and for all, we printed a book using four of today's most popular services - and we're revealing the results in this post. What are the top print on demand services?To ensure we got the real indie author experience, we printed a copy of Not the Faintest Trace - a novel by Reedsy author Wendy M. Wilson, formatted through the Reedsy Book Editor, and designed by Patrick Knowles - from the four print-on-demand companies. We then had each copy delivered to BookTuber Mandi Lynn so that she could give us her indie author input. View her honest feedback in the above video. (The video was filmed before Draft2Digital released their printing services, so they are not included in the review).We also had each copy delivered to Reedsy HQ so that we could review the quality, look, and feel of each proof. Here's our review of each platform.1. BookBaby is a self-publishing platform that offers lots of support to self-publishing authors, including POD, ebook, book editing services, design, marketing, and distribution services.User friendliness: Easy, little to no learning curve.Pros of BookBaby: If you want a user-friendly, handheld process, BookBaby could be the choice for you.Cons of BookBaby: It’s expensive to distribute your book via BookBaby - and because you are actually accessing their distribution options via Ingram Book Group, you’re charged an extra middleman fee. (More on this later).For a tutorial and extensive review of BookBaby, check out this post! ðŸ“â€"👠¶4.  Blurb#gallery-8 Planning to focus most of your sales efforts on Amazon? Go with KDP Print and opt out of their expanded distribution option to earn the highest royalty.Planning to focus on sales outside of Amazon - and hoping to get stocked in physical bookstores? Go with IngramSpark for direct access to the largest variety of retailers and wholesale networks.Want sales on both Amazon and non-Amazon stores? You got it: go with both IngramSpark and KDP Print! Variety is the spice of life, why not benefit from the royalty potential of both services? If you want to maximize the benefits of both of these printers, ensure that you do it this way: distribute to Amazon via KDP Print  and opt out of their expanded distribution, then use IngramSpark to distribute everywhere else except for Amazon. If you use both to distribute everywhere without opting out, you’ll end up with doubles on each retailer - which you don’t want.Does your book have many visual components that differ from a tradit ional novel format? Blurb’s specialized formatting tools and printers will be your friend. Blurb should be used by authors who are printing illustrated/highly visual books, or when you need to place bulk orders - as they offer good discounts for volume purchases.Is support your #1 concern - above budgetary restrictions and earning the best royalty per sale? BookBaby’s support team is top notch, and they offer self-publishing services that authors who want the most streamlined experience as possible might enjoy. Most of all, don't let the overwhelming options deter you from printing your book on demand - especially since it can really pay dividends!  Whichever POD service you choose, you'll get beautiful hard copies of your book that you can admire for years to come... and that might just lead you to publishing success.Have you used any of the above companies for print on demand books? Tell us about your experiences in the comments below!

McDonalds Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

McDonalds - Coursework Example Generally, economic factors can be divided into two parts namely Macroeconomic and Microeconomic factors. Macroeconomic factors used to have a significant role in controlling the performance of any business Unit. If the interest rates are on the higher side, the borrowing money in order to expand the business may not be possible for smaller business units. For bigger companies like McDonalds it is also a problem as they have to rely on their own profit to expand their business and set up new units. On the other hand, higher rate of unemployment helps the business unit to hire more workers in comparatively lesser salary; therefore the operating profit will increase considerably. In recent time, the status of the global economy has direct impact on the business of McDonald. With the growing popularity and to expand their business all over the globe, most of the profit earned by the company is now being used in setting up new outlets. So the level of operating profit is coming down for the company. In modern world, like every other company to be at the top it is winning at any cost for McDonalds. This win at any cost is refers to increasing the stock price of the company. Now to do that it is compulsory to expand the business.

Embracing the Concept of Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Embracing the Concept of Democracy - Essay Example The intent of this paper is to lucidly determine these changes that were deemed to embrace the concept of democracy, and whether they actually achieved their intended purpose as expressed by the response of the people. An incident that can be viewed as the genesis of the Russian transformation is the defeat in the Crimean War. It resulted in the sought of scenarios where individuals reassess their own status so as to forge a route forward. Russia has expected to win the war with ease seeing that it had the largest army in Europe but overlooked the morale of the soldiers to fight. The defeat opened channels for reassessments, which were mainly carried out in the 1860s and came to be commonly referred to as the Great Reforms. Realizing the underbelly of the army and the possibility of being attacked in the future, Alexander II initiated a number of reforms.1 One aspect to Russia that stood up in the Crimean War as compared to its enemies was that the country still practised serfdom. The enemies disliked this fact about Russia and Alexander II saw this as an opportunity to commence the reforms that would transform Russia. Ending selfdom was a move supported by the liberal intellectual in the country, but fiercely contested by the landowners. In 1861, Alexander II pushed forward to end the practice, and the country was one of the last to do so in the European continent. â€Å"The new democracy,† as Pobedonostsev refers to it, is nonetheless questionable as it still left so many in suffering whilst it was supposed to do the opposite. 2 As a result of the liberation of the peasants, there was a surge in the number of citizens in the local governments. The peasants now had a voice that was recognized by the government, and this required it to be embedded into the government itself. Initially, the local government was run by the sole representation of the landlords who were viewed in turn as representatives of their serfs. A new form of government referred to as the zemstvos were put into place, it required fair elections to be conducted. Pobedonostsev cites this form of government as ’a fatal error, and one of the most remarkable in the history of mankind.  Ã‚